diff --git a/crates/tui/src/tui/app.rs b/crates/tui/src/tui/app.rs
index 71e3577d..a77847e0 100644
--- a/crates/tui/src/tui/app.rs
+++ b/crates/tui/src/tui/app.rs
@@ -548,6 +548,23 @@ pub struct App {
     pub queued_messages: VecDeque<QueuedMessage>,
     /// Draft queued message being edited
     pub queued_draft: Option<QueuedMessage>,
+    /// Composer inputs the user steered with Esc during a running turn. Held
+    /// here until the in-flight turn aborts; then merged into a single fresh
+    /// turn (#122). Not the same channel as the engine's mid-turn steer
+    /// (`EngineHandle::steer`) — those flow through `queued_messages`/`Steer`
+    /// disposition and never abort the current turn.
+    pub pending_steers: VecDeque<QueuedMessage>,
+    /// Engine-rejected steers (e.g. a tool was already running and couldn't be
+    /// cancelled cleanly). Surfaced in the pending-input preview so the user
+    /// knows the steer was deferred to end-of-turn. Today no engine path
+    /// produces these; the field is scaffolding for a future signalling
+    /// channel and the bucket renders identically when populated.
+    pub rejected_steers: VecDeque<String>,
+    /// Set when the user pressed Esc with non-empty input. The next
+    /// `TurnComplete::Interrupted` event drains `pending_steers`, merges them
+    /// into one user message, and dispatches a fresh turn. Cleared on drain
+    /// (or whenever the queue empties out).
+    pub submit_pending_steers_after_interrupt: bool,
     /// Start time for current turn
     pub turn_started_at: Option<Instant>,
     /// Current runtime turn id (if known).
@@ -602,6 +619,21 @@ pub struct QueuedMessage {
     pub skill_instruction: Option<String>,
 }
 
+/// How a freshly-typed user input should be sent.
+///
+/// Picked by [`App::decide_submit_disposition`] when the user hits Enter on a
+/// non-empty composer. The Esc-to-steer path (typed input + Esc during a
+/// running turn) is separate — see [`App::push_pending_steer`].
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum SubmitDisposition {
+    /// Engine idle (or offline mode without a busy turn): send immediately.
+    Immediate,
+    /// Engine busy and offline: park on `queued_messages` for end-of-turn drain.
+    Queue,
+    /// Engine busy and online: forward as a mid-turn steer.
+    Steer,
+}
+
 /// Detailed tool payload attached to a history cell.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct ToolDetailRecord {
@@ -855,6 +887,9 @@ impl App {
             pending_tool_uses: Vec::new(),
             queued_messages: VecDeque::new(),
             queued_draft: None,
+            pending_steers: VecDeque::new(),
+            rejected_steers: VecDeque::new(),
+            submit_pending_steers_after_interrupt: false,
             turn_started_at: None,
             runtime_turn_id: None,
             runtime_turn_status: None,
@@ -1828,6 +1863,68 @@ impl App {
         self.queued_messages.len()
     }
 
+    /// Park a composer input the user steered with Esc. Re-armed each call so
+    /// rapid Esc taps accumulate rather than overwriting each other.
+    pub fn push_pending_steer(&mut self, message: QueuedMessage) {
+        self.pending_steers.push_back(message);
+        self.submit_pending_steers_after_interrupt = true;
+        self.needs_redraw = true;
+    }
+
+    /// Drain the pending-steer queue and clear the resend flag. Returns the
+    /// messages in submit order (oldest first).
+    pub fn drain_pending_steers(&mut self) -> Vec<QueuedMessage> {
+        self.submit_pending_steers_after_interrupt = false;
+        if self.pending_steers.is_empty() {
+            return Vec::new();
+        }
+        self.needs_redraw = true;
+        self.pending_steers.drain(..).collect()
+    }
+
+    /// Decide how to route a fresh composer submit. Esc-to-steer goes through
+    /// [`Self::push_pending_steer`] instead; this is the Enter path.
+    ///
+    /// Truth table (preserves the pre-refactor behaviour):
+    ///   offline=F, busy=F → Immediate
+    ///   offline=F, busy=T → Steer
+    ///   offline=T, busy=F → Queue
+    ///   offline=T, busy=T → Steer (in-flight turn still owns the wire; the
+    ///     steer attempt falls back to queueing on send failure)
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn decide_submit_disposition(&self) -> SubmitDisposition {
+        if self.is_loading {
+            SubmitDisposition::Steer
+        } else if self.offline_mode {
+            SubmitDisposition::Queue
+        } else {
+            SubmitDisposition::Immediate
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Mark the in-flight streaming Assistant cell as interrupted: prepend
+    /// `[interrupted]` to whatever streamed so far (so the user can see what
+    /// was salvaged) and flip `streaming` off so the spinner halts. No-op if
+    /// no Assistant cell is currently streaming.
+    ///
+    /// Deliberate divergence from openai/codex which discards partial output
+    /// on abort — V4 thinking is expensive and the user usually wants to see
+    /// what the model produced before steering.
+    pub fn finalize_streaming_assistant_as_interrupted(&mut self) {
+        let Some(index) = self.streaming_message_index.take() else {
+            return;
+        };
+        if let Some(HistoryCell::Assistant { content, streaming }) = self.history.get_mut(index) {
+            *streaming = false;
+            if content.is_empty() {
+                *content = "[interrupted]".to_string();
+            } else if !content.starts_with("[interrupted]") {
+                content.insert_str(0, "[interrupted] ");
+            }
+        }
+        self.bump_history_cell(index);
+    }
+
     pub fn history_up(&mut self) {
         if self.input_history.is_empty() {
             return;
@@ -2371,6 +2468,166 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(deadline > Instant::now(), "fresh deadline in the future");
     }
 
+    // ---- Issue #122: Esc-to-steer + queue visibility ----
+
+    #[test]
+    fn submit_disposition_immediate_when_idle_and_online() {
+        let app = App::new(test_options(false), &Config::default());
+        assert!(!app.is_loading);
+        assert!(!app.offline_mode);
+        assert_eq!(
+            app.decide_submit_disposition(),
+            SubmitDisposition::Immediate
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn submit_disposition_steer_when_busy_and_online() {
+        let mut app = App::new(test_options(false), &Config::default());
+        app.is_loading = true;
+        app.offline_mode = false;
+        assert_eq!(app.decide_submit_disposition(), SubmitDisposition::Steer);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn submit_disposition_queue_when_offline_and_idle() {
+        let mut app = App::new(test_options(false), &Config::default());
+        app.is_loading = false;
+        app.offline_mode = true;
+        assert_eq!(app.decide_submit_disposition(), SubmitDisposition::Queue);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn submit_disposition_offline_busy_still_steers() {
+        // In-flight turn owns the wire even in offline mode; steer attempt
+        // catches the send error and falls back to the queue.
+        let mut app = App::new(test_options(false), &Config::default());
+        app.is_loading = true;
+        app.offline_mode = true;
+        assert_eq!(app.decide_submit_disposition(), SubmitDisposition::Steer);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn push_pending_steer_arms_resend_flag() {
+        let mut app = App::new(test_options(false), &Config::default());
+        assert!(!app.submit_pending_steers_after_interrupt);
+        app.push_pending_steer(QueuedMessage::new("steer me".to_string(), None));
+        assert_eq!(app.pending_steers.len(), 1);
+        assert!(app.submit_pending_steers_after_interrupt);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn drain_pending_steers_clears_flag_and_returns_in_order() {
+        let mut app = App::new(test_options(false), &Config::default());
+        app.push_pending_steer(QueuedMessage::new("first".to_string(), None));
+        app.push_pending_steer(QueuedMessage::new("second".to_string(), None));
+        app.push_pending_steer(QueuedMessage::new("third".to_string(), None));
+
+        let drained = app.drain_pending_steers();
+        assert_eq!(drained.len(), 3);
+        assert_eq!(drained[0].display, "first");
+        assert_eq!(drained[2].display, "third");
+        assert!(app.pending_steers.is_empty());
+        assert!(!app.submit_pending_steers_after_interrupt);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn drain_pending_steers_when_empty_is_safe() {
+        let mut app = App::new(test_options(false), &Config::default());
+        // Flag-only set (someone armed it manually): drain still clears it.
+        app.submit_pending_steers_after_interrupt = true;
+        let drained = app.drain_pending_steers();
+        assert!(drained.is_empty());
+        assert!(!app.submit_pending_steers_after_interrupt);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn double_push_pending_steer_is_idempotent_on_flag() {
+        let mut app = App::new(test_options(false), &Config::default());
+        app.push_pending_steer(QueuedMessage::new("a".to_string(), None));
+        app.push_pending_steer(QueuedMessage::new("b".to_string(), None));
+        assert!(app.submit_pending_steers_after_interrupt);
+        assert_eq!(app.pending_steers.len(), 2);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn finalize_streaming_assistant_marks_existing_cell_interrupted() {
+        let mut app = App::new(test_options(false), &Config::default());
+        app.add_message(HistoryCell::Assistant {
+            content: "partial reply so far".to_string(),
+            streaming: true,
+        });
+        let idx = app.history.len() - 1;
+        app.streaming_message_index = Some(idx);
+
+        app.finalize_streaming_assistant_as_interrupted();
+
+        assert!(app.streaming_message_index.is_none());
+        match &app.history[idx] {
+            HistoryCell::Assistant { content, streaming } => {
+                assert!(content.starts_with("[interrupted]"), "got: {content}");
+                assert!(content.contains("partial reply so far"));
+                assert!(!*streaming);
+            }
+            other => panic!("expected Assistant cell, got {other:?}"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn finalize_streaming_assistant_handles_empty_content() {
+        let mut app = App::new(test_options(false), &Config::default());
+        app.add_message(HistoryCell::Assistant {
+            content: String::new(),
+            streaming: true,
+        });
+        let idx = app.history.len() - 1;
+        app.streaming_message_index = Some(idx);
+
+        app.finalize_streaming_assistant_as_interrupted();
+
+        match &app.history[idx] {
+            HistoryCell::Assistant { content, streaming } => {
+                assert_eq!(content, "[interrupted]");
+                assert!(!*streaming);
+            }
+            other => panic!("expected Assistant cell, got {other:?}"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn finalize_streaming_assistant_no_op_without_index() {
+        let mut app = App::new(test_options(false), &Config::default());
+        // No streaming index set; should not panic and should leave history unchanged.
+        let prev_len = app.history.len();
+        app.finalize_streaming_assistant_as_interrupted();
+        assert_eq!(app.history.len(), prev_len);
+        assert!(app.streaming_message_index.is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn finalize_streaming_assistant_is_idempotent_on_double_call() {
+        let mut app = App::new(test_options(false), &Config::default());
+        app.add_message(HistoryCell::Assistant {
+            content: "something".to_string(),
+            streaming: true,
+        });
+        let idx = app.history.len() - 1;
+        app.streaming_message_index = Some(idx);
+
+        app.finalize_streaming_assistant_as_interrupted();
+        // Second call without resetting state must be safe.
+        app.finalize_streaming_assistant_as_interrupted();
+
+        match &app.history[idx] {
+            HistoryCell::Assistant { content, .. } => {
+                // Second call still finds index None — content unchanged from first.
+                assert!(content.starts_with("[interrupted] "));
+                assert_eq!(content.matches("[interrupted]").count(), 1);
+            }
+            other => panic!("expected Assistant cell, got {other:?}"),
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn kill_and_yank_handle_multibyte_utf8() {
         let mut app = App::new(test_options(false), &Config::default());
diff --git a/crates/tui/src/tui/ui.rs b/crates/tui/src/tui/ui.rs
index aaf9cc1a..e6280a7f 100644
--- a/crates/tui/src/tui/ui.rs
+++ b/crates/tui/src/tui/ui.rs
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ use crate::tui::user_input::UserInputView;
 use super::active_cell::ActiveCell;
 use super::app::{
     App, AppAction, AppMode, OnboardingState, QueuedMessage, SidebarFocus, StatusToastLevel,
-    TaskPanelEntry, ToolDetailRecord, TuiOptions,
+    SubmitDisposition, TaskPanelEntry, ToolDetailRecord, TuiOptions,
 };
 use super::approval::{
     ApprovalMode, ApprovalRequest, ApprovalView, ElevationRequest, ElevationView, ReviewDecision,
@@ -582,6 +582,11 @@ async fn run_event_loop(
                                 | crate::core::events::TurnOutcomeStatus::Failed
                         ) {
                             app.finalize_active_cell_as_interrupted();
+                            // Also mark the streaming Assistant cell (if any)
+                            // so partial reasoning/text isn't left with a
+                            // permanent spinner. Idempotent with the
+                            // optimistic call in the Esc handler.
+                            app.finalize_streaming_assistant_as_interrupted();
                         } else {
                             app.flush_active_cell();
                         }
@@ -642,6 +647,27 @@ async fn run_event_loop(
                         }
                         app.plan_tool_used_in_turn = false;
 
+                        // Esc-to-steer (#122): the user interrupted with input
+                        // pending. Merge every steered message into one fresh
+                        // turn so the model sees a single coherent prompt.
+                        if status == crate::core::events::TurnOutcomeStatus::Interrupted
+                            && app.submit_pending_steers_after_interrupt
+                        {
+                            if let Some(merged) = merge_pending_steers(&mut *app) {
+                                queued_to_send = Some(merged);
+                            }
+                        } else if status == crate::core::events::TurnOutcomeStatus::Failed
+                            && !app.pending_steers.is_empty()
+                        {
+                            // Hard-fail recovery: if the engine failed before
+                            // a clean Interrupted landed, demote pending
+                            // steers to the visible queue so they're not
+                            // silently lost. User can /queue to inspect.
+                            for msg in app.drain_pending_steers() {
+                                app.queue_message(msg);
+                            }
+                        }
+
                         if queued_to_send.is_none() {
                             queued_to_send = app.pop_queued_message();
                         }
@@ -1437,8 +1463,26 @@ async fn run_event_loop(
                         // engine's TurnComplete will resync with the real
                         // outcome. Fixes #5a (wave kept animating after Esc).
                         app.runtime_turn_status = None;
+                        app.finalize_streaming_assistant_as_interrupted();
                         app.status_message = Some("Request cancelled".to_string());
                     }
+                    EscapeAction::SteerAndAbort => {
+                        if let Some(input) = app.submit_input() {
+                            let queued = build_queued_message(app, input);
+                            app.push_pending_steer(queued);
+                            engine_handle.cancel();
+                            app.is_loading = false;
+                            app.streaming_state.reset();
+                            app.runtime_turn_status = None;
+                            app.finalize_streaming_assistant_as_interrupted();
+                            let count = app.pending_steers.len();
+                            app.status_message = Some(if count == 1 {
+                                "Steering: aborting turn and resending input".to_string()
+                            } else {
+                                format!("Steering: aborting turn and resending {count} input(s)")
+                            });
+                        }
+                    }
                     EscapeAction::DiscardQueuedDraft => {
                         app.queued_draft = None;
                         app.status_message = Some("Stopped editing queued message".to_string());
@@ -1990,6 +2034,9 @@ fn finalize_streaming_thinking_active_entry(
 enum EscapeAction {
     CloseSlashMenu,
     CancelRequest,
+    /// Composer non-empty during a running turn — capture the input as a
+    /// pending steer, abort the turn, and re-submit on TurnComplete (#122).
+    SteerAndAbort,
     DiscardQueuedDraft,
     ClearInput,
     Noop,
@@ -1999,7 +2046,11 @@ fn next_escape_action(app: &App, slash_menu_open: bool) -> EscapeAction {
     if slash_menu_open {
         EscapeAction::CloseSlashMenu
     } else if app.is_loading {
-        EscapeAction::CancelRequest
+        if app.input.trim().is_empty() {
+            EscapeAction::CancelRequest
+        } else {
+            EscapeAction::SteerAndAbort
+        }
     } else if app.queued_draft.is_some() && app.input.is_empty() {
         EscapeAction::DiscardQueuedDraft
     } else if !app.input.is_empty() {
@@ -2559,28 +2610,53 @@ async fn submit_or_steer_message(
     engine_handle: &EngineHandle,
     message: QueuedMessage,
 ) -> Result<()> {
-    if app.offline_mode && !app.is_loading {
-        app.queue_message(message);
-        app.status_message = Some(format!(
-            "Offline mode: queued {} message(s) - /queue to review",
-            app.queued_message_count()
-        ));
-        return Ok(());
-    }
-    if app.is_loading {
-        if let Err(err) = steer_user_message(app, engine_handle, message.clone()).await {
+    match app.decide_submit_disposition() {
+        SubmitDisposition::Immediate => dispatch_user_message(app, engine_handle, message).await,
+        SubmitDisposition::Queue => {
             app.queue_message(message);
             app.status_message = Some(format!(
-                "Steer failed ({err}); queued {} message(s) - /queue to view/edit",
+                "Offline mode: queued {} message(s) - /queue to review",
                 app.queued_message_count()
             ));
+            Ok(())
+        }
+        SubmitDisposition::Steer => {
+            if let Err(err) = steer_user_message(app, engine_handle, message.clone()).await {
+                app.queue_message(message);
+                app.status_message = Some(format!(
+                    "Steer failed ({err}); queued {} message(s) - /queue to view/edit",
+                    app.queued_message_count()
+                ));
+            }
+            Ok(())
         }
-        Ok(())
-    } else {
-        dispatch_user_message(app, engine_handle, message).await
     }
 }
 
+/// Drain `app.pending_steers` into a single `QueuedMessage` ready for
+/// `dispatch_user_message`. Returns `None` if the queue was empty (caller
+/// then falls back to `app.queued_messages`). Skill instruction is taken
+/// from the first message that supplies one — multiple steers shouldn't
+/// double-up the system framing.
+fn merge_pending_steers(app: &mut App) -> Option<QueuedMessage> {
+    let drained = app.drain_pending_steers();
+    if drained.is_empty() {
+        return None;
+    }
+    if drained.len() == 1 {
+        return drained.into_iter().next();
+    }
+    let mut skill_instruction: Option<String> = None;
+    let mut bodies: Vec<String> = Vec::with_capacity(drained.len());
+    for msg in drained {
+        if skill_instruction.is_none() {
+            skill_instruction = msg.skill_instruction;
+        }
+        bodies.push(msg.display);
+    }
+    Some(QueuedMessage::new(bodies.join("\n\n"), skill_instruction))
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 enum PlanChoice {
     AcceptAgent,
@@ -2740,12 +2816,21 @@ fn reconcile_subagent_activity_state(app: &mut App) {
 
 /// Build the pending-input preview widget from current `App` state.
 ///
-/// v0.6.6 ships the queued-messages half of #85: when the user types during
-/// a running turn the message goes onto `app.queued_messages` and shows
-/// here above the composer. The full steer/rejected-steer wiring lands in
-/// a follow-up (TODO_BACKEND.md §4).
+/// v0.6.6 (#122) wires all three buckets:
+/// - `pending_steers` — typed during a running turn + Esc; held until the
+///   abort lands and gets resubmitted as a fresh merged turn.
+/// - `rejected_steers` — engine declined a mid-turn steer (scaffolding;
+///   no engine path produces these yet but the bucket renders identically).
+/// - `queued_messages` — Enter while busy (offline-mode FIFO); drained at
+///   end-of-turn.
 fn build_pending_input_preview(app: &App) -> PendingInputPreview {
     let mut preview = PendingInputPreview::new();
+    preview.pending_steers = app
+        .pending_steers
+        .iter()
+        .map(|m| m.display.clone())
+        .collect();
+    preview.rejected_steers = app.rejected_steers.iter().cloned().collect();
     preview.queued_messages = app
         .queued_messages
         .iter()
diff --git a/crates/tui/src/tui/ui/tests.rs b/crates/tui/src/tui/ui/tests.rs
index dfcba1a2..473aaec3 100644
--- a/crates/tui/src/tui/ui/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/tui/src/tui/ui/tests.rs
@@ -765,9 +765,14 @@ fn test_esc_priority_order_matches_cancel_stack() {
     app.is_loading = true;
     app.input = "draft".to_string();
     app.mode = AppMode::Yolo;
+    // #122: typing during a running turn now steers instead of cancelling.
+    assert_eq!(next_escape_action(&app, false), EscapeAction::SteerAndAbort);
+
+    app.input.clear();
     assert_eq!(next_escape_action(&app, false), EscapeAction::CancelRequest);
 
     app.is_loading = false;
+    app.input = "draft".to_string();
     assert_eq!(next_escape_action(&app, false), EscapeAction::ClearInput);
 
     app.input.clear();
@@ -1964,3 +1969,115 @@ fn non_recoverable_engine_error_enters_offline_mode() {
         "expected engine-error status, got {status:?}"
     );
 }
+
+// ---- Issue #122: Esc-to-steer routing + steer merge ----
+
+#[test]
+fn next_escape_action_cancels_when_loading_with_empty_input() {
+    let mut app = create_test_app();
+    app.is_loading = true;
+    app.input.clear();
+    assert_eq!(next_escape_action(&app, false), EscapeAction::CancelRequest);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn next_escape_action_steers_when_loading_with_input() {
+    let mut app = create_test_app();
+    app.is_loading = true;
+    app.input = "hold on, look at this instead".to_string();
+    assert_eq!(next_escape_action(&app, false), EscapeAction::SteerAndAbort);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn next_escape_action_treats_whitespace_only_as_empty() {
+    let mut app = create_test_app();
+    app.is_loading = true;
+    app.input = "   \n\t".to_string();
+    assert_eq!(next_escape_action(&app, false), EscapeAction::CancelRequest);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn next_escape_action_idle_with_input_clears() {
+    let mut app = create_test_app();
+    app.is_loading = false;
+    app.input = "draft".to_string();
+    assert_eq!(next_escape_action(&app, false), EscapeAction::ClearInput);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn next_escape_action_idle_empty_is_noop() {
+    let mut app = create_test_app();
+    app.is_loading = false;
+    app.input.clear();
+    assert_eq!(next_escape_action(&app, false), EscapeAction::Noop);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn next_escape_action_slash_menu_takes_priority() {
+    let mut app = create_test_app();
+    app.is_loading = true;
+    app.input = "anything".to_string();
+    assert_eq!(next_escape_action(&app, true), EscapeAction::CloseSlashMenu);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn merge_pending_steers_returns_none_when_empty() {
+    let mut app = create_test_app();
+    assert!(merge_pending_steers(&mut app).is_none());
+    assert!(!app.submit_pending_steers_after_interrupt);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn merge_pending_steers_passes_through_single_message() {
+    let mut app = create_test_app();
+    app.push_pending_steer(QueuedMessage::new(
+        "lone steer".to_string(),
+        Some("skill body".to_string()),
+    ));
+    let merged = merge_pending_steers(&mut app).expect("merge yields a message");
+    assert_eq!(merged.display, "lone steer");
+    assert_eq!(merged.skill_instruction.as_deref(), Some("skill body"));
+    assert!(app.pending_steers.is_empty());
+    assert!(!app.submit_pending_steers_after_interrupt);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn merge_pending_steers_concatenates_multiple_with_blank_line() {
+    let mut app = create_test_app();
+    app.push_pending_steer(QueuedMessage::new("first".to_string(), None));
+    app.push_pending_steer(QueuedMessage::new("second".to_string(), None));
+    app.push_pending_steer(QueuedMessage::new("third".to_string(), None));
+
+    let merged = merge_pending_steers(&mut app).expect("merge yields a message");
+    assert_eq!(merged.display, "first\n\nsecond\n\nthird");
+    assert!(app.pending_steers.is_empty());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn merge_pending_steers_keeps_first_skill_instruction_only() {
+    let mut app = create_test_app();
+    app.push_pending_steer(QueuedMessage::new(
+        "a".to_string(),
+        Some("first skill".to_string()),
+    ));
+    app.push_pending_steer(QueuedMessage::new(
+        "b".to_string(),
+        Some("second skill".to_string()),
+    ));
+    let merged = merge_pending_steers(&mut app).expect("merge yields a message");
+    assert_eq!(merged.skill_instruction.as_deref(), Some("first skill"));
+    assert_eq!(merged.display, "a\n\nb");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn build_pending_input_preview_populates_all_three_buckets() {
+    let mut app = create_test_app();
+    app.push_pending_steer(QueuedMessage::new("steer-msg".to_string(), None));
+    app.rejected_steers.push_back("rejected-msg".to_string());
+    app.queue_message(QueuedMessage::new("queued-msg".to_string(), None));
+
+    let preview = build_pending_input_preview(&app);
+    assert_eq!(preview.pending_steers, vec!["steer-msg".to_string()]);
+    assert_eq!(preview.rejected_steers, vec!["rejected-msg".to_string()]);
+    assert_eq!(preview.queued_messages, vec!["queued-msg".to_string()]);
+}